Clouded Atmosphere Essays - Atmospheric Sciences, Climatology

Clouded Atmosphere Clouded Atmosphere The concentration of the atmosphere's main greenhouse gases specifically, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, have increased significantly during the industrial age. These high concentrations are predicted to continue in the atmosphere for thousands of years to come. This increase in specially carbon dioxide, increases the infrared energy taken in by the atmosphere, and warming the earth's surface. The Global mean temperature over the past 150 years has risen between 0.3 degrees C and 0.6 degrees C. Climate changes that have been predicted are based on the continual rise in Green House Gases. These changes include changes in: increase in mean surface air temperature, increase in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere. There are many causes to the rise in Green House Gases in the atmosphere. The rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is largely related to the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production (Hansen). The increase in methane is do to rice cultivation, animal husbandry, biomass burning, and landfills (Kattenberg). Nitrous oxide is on the rise because of industrial sources like adipic acid and nitric acid production (Kattenberg). Other gases not mentioned above that have a small impact on the Green House Gas proposed problem, is CFC-11 and CFC-12, these Gases are know to the public as being a big source of warming, although catalyzing decomposition of stratospheric ozone, they do not pose a great threat. Since the public was notified of these compounds in refrigerants, spray propellants, and foam blowing; the atmospheric concentrations have decreased greatly (Prather). The danger that all these Green House Gases put to the atmosphere is the increase in the infrared energy absorbed by the atmosphere. This extra energy absorbed although thought to only warm the earth also has a cooling tendency on the stratosphere (Peixoto and Oort). The affect the radiation has by this increase of Green House Gases concentration is also known as Infrared Flux at the tropopause (Wang). The models used to predict this information can also closely mimic the other layers of the atmosphere as well as the surface. Worldwide temperature measurements are carefully taken with many variables in mind. Such variables would be urbanization of a region, aerosols, precipitation, and changes in temperature and clouds (Hansen). Usually the temperature is the first variable that is considered when assessments of the world climate change are taken, it is also very important to consider other data that is part of the climate system along the line of time and space. Some other sources of information are: tree rings, bore hole temperature measurements in the soil, permafrost, and ice sheets, and measurements of the mass of valley glaciers and ice caps. By looking at this material for the past 600 years it has been determined that the warming in the twentieth century is greater over this time period (Briffa). From paleoclimate studies it has been concluded that the Earth's climate has been altered by more than just Green House Gases, but Inorder to find the effects of the Green House Gases specifically, a study of records from the periods when the changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide were much larger than those of our century. Large natural variation in the atmosphere's carbon dioxide were found in the observation and analysis of gas bubbles trapped in glacier ice cores, are correlated with glacial (ice age) and interglacial climate change of the latest Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. These glacial periods are associated with low carbon dioxide concentrations, and the interglacial periods with high concentrations. When looking at methane concentrations within these cores, there was a similar correlation (Chappellaz). Some of the predicted changes to the Earth's climate due to this continual rise in Green House Gases are: increase in mean surface air temperature, increase in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising of sea levels. An increase in the surface air temperature would cause rates of evaporation to increase, causing the water vapor in the air to rise. The positive feedback to the surface temperature increase is that is will lead to a more intense hydrological cycle, with more precipitation events (Kattenberg). Another possible consequence of greenhouse gas induced climate change is elevated sea levels. The main cause for sea level fluctuation is due to thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers, both are responses to higher air temperatures. Measurements taken from 93' to 98' indicate a melt rate from Greenland's ice sheet of 1 meter a year (Krabill). There have been measurements of

Free Essays on General Managers

When I graduate from College, I have certain careers that I would like to pursue. These careers have many similarities and many differences but in the end they are the choices which I have chosen. All of the three careers I have chosen are business related and have the same price range. Two of the careers job clusters are in the Management category while the other career is in the Data Analysis as well as the Sales category. I believe that the careers I have chosen are the right ones. The careers are General Managers and Top Executive, Sales and Marketing Managers, and Operations Managers. The first career that I will go into is Operation Manager. In this job a person is responsible for the internal operations of a company. The reason why I have interest in this career is because I believe that I can help out a company with such decisions such as hiring, public relation, sales, producing products and much more. Also, I think I could handle this job because I can keep everything check. The average entry-level salary is approximately 20,000-25,000. If you stay in the job and earn experience a person can make 35,000 to 60,000. The job cluster for this job is Data Analysis and Sales, both of which I am capable of doing. The temperaments for this job are directing activities of others, performing a variety of duties, making evaluations based on data. These temperaments fit my choice very well mainly because it fits my jobs persona. The job outlook is expected to grow as fast as average over the next ten years due to the need to consolidate operations. There really isn†™t that many alternate jobs if the job outlook becomes poor for some odd reason. The chance of promotion is rather high when a person achieves more experience. If a person shows very little experience from which that person has achieved, he/she will not be promoted for a while. Some of the benefits of having such a job are health insurance, Life insurance, and other great be... Free Essays on General Managers Free Essays on General Managers When I graduate from College, I have certain careers that I would like to pursue. These careers have many similarities and many differences but in the end they are the choices which I have chosen. All of the three careers I have chosen are business related and have the same price range. Two of the careers job clusters are in the Management category while the other career is in the Data Analysis as well as the Sales category. I believe that the careers I have chosen are the right ones. The careers are General Managers and Top Executive, Sales and Marketing Managers, and Operations Managers. The first career that I will go into is Operation Manager. In this job a person is responsible for the internal operations of a company. The reason why I have interest in this career is because I believe that I can help out a company with such decisions such as hiring, public relation, sales, producing products and much more. Also, I think I could handle this job because I can keep everything check. The average entry-level salary is approximately 20,000-25,000. If you stay in the job and earn experience a person can make 35,000 to 60,000. The job cluster for this job is Data Analysis and Sales, both of which I am capable of doing. The temperaments for this job are directing activities of others, performing a variety of duties, making evaluations based on data. These temperaments fit my choice very well mainly because it fits my jobs persona. The job outlook is expected to grow as fast as average over the next ten years due to the need to consolidate operations. There really isn†™t that many alternate jobs if the job outlook becomes poor for some odd reason. The chance of promotion is rather high when a person achieves more experience. If a person shows very little experience from which that person has achieved, he/she will not be promoted for a while. Some of the benefits of having such a job are health insurance, Life insurance, and other great be...

An Austrian company's tale of groth, globalizition and decline Essay

An Austrian company's tale of groth, globalizition and decline - Essay Example 3). Auer went into matured markets, including Egypt, Germany, Italy, and the United States. Hungary might be considered a more of a developing, or emerging, market, which is in line with where the world market is going, in that â€Å"most of the world’s growth is expected to occur in today’s emerging markets† (Cavusgil, 2002, p. 1). The factors in choosing these markets include competition, service costs, market characteristics and uncertainty (Davidson, 1982, p. 85). Based upon what you know about Auer Waffeln’s international expansion into a variety of foreign markets, can you identify distinct stages or phases in the entry process? What are the decisions that must be made at each stage? According to Johanson & Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), there are different stages for a firm when they decide to internationalize, and these stages represent successively higher degrees of internationalization commitment (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977, p. 23). When firms go internat ional, each additional market commitment will happen in incremental steps (Johanson & Vahlne, 1990, p. 211). The firms go through these stages, from a low degree of international involvement in Stage 1 to a high degree of international involvement in Stage 4 (Phing & Au, 2001, p. 163). The first stage is where there are no export activities. The second stage is that there is exportation via agents or independent representatives. The third stage is where an overseas sales subsidiary is established. The fourth stage is overseas manufacturing/production units (Johanson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). With his entry into the Middle East, Waffeln conducted direct exportation of his products. This was the first stage of his entry into the market, and one of the biggest decisions that needed to be made when conducting the export business is how to circumvent, so to speak, the unique cultural challenges that exporting directly to the Middle East presents. Cultural challenges is one of the major barriers that internalizing firms face, and it is necessary to understand the cultural differences between the firm and the clientele (Copeland & Griggs, 1985, p. 52). Cultural â€Å"shapes business practices and processes in widely varying ways† (Caslione & Thomas, 2002, p. 24). Negotiating these cultural differences is considered to be one of the most important skills for the international manager (Brooke, 1986, p. 225). Cultural competency is one of the most important factors in gaining a competitive edge (Elashmawi, 2001, p. xvi). How managers interpret and respond to strategic issues is dependent upon the surrounding culture (Becker, 2000, p. 90). Culture can be spread across six different cultural dimensions – how does the society look at the nature of people; how does society look at the relationship between a person and nature; how does society look at the relationship between people; what is the primary mode of activity in society (accepting status quo or chan ging things to make them better); what is the conception of space in a given society (are meetings held in private or public); and what is the society’